Passengers and crew from the Pan Am aircraft escaped onto the intact left wing and jumped to the ground. The Pan Am pilots, also unsettled by the situation, decided to make their position clear as well, and interpreted the pause after Okay as an opportunity to do so. Hundreds of people were rushed to safety as bomb detection squads moved in to scour the premises for further explosive devices. But even highly experienced pilots can and do make mistakes under pressure. These days, he spent most of his time training new pilots, and the trip to the island of Gran Canaria would be his first regular line flight in twelve weeks. [51] These included: The extra fuel taken on by the KLM added several factors: As a consequence of the accident, sweeping changes were made to international airline regulations and to aircraft. All Bragg could do was duck. Despite the fact that poor infrastructure made the accident possible, the ability to exclusively blame Captain van Zanten appeared to give Spanish authorities cover to avoid taking any action of their own. The Tenerife Disaster is also frequently cited as the progenitor of crew resource management, or CRM, the now-universal set of strategies intended to ensure open communication and optimal task distribution in airline cockpits. [14], Los Rodeos was a regional airport that could not easily accommodate all of the traffic diverted from Gran Canaria, which included five large airliners. When First Officer Bragg said Well report when were clear, he was effectively stating that he was still on the runway, but a number of factors contributed to the KLM crews failure to assimilate this critical information. Engines, pieces of fuselage, and burning jet fuel flew in every direction. Go ahead, ask.. In the case of the Tenerife disaster, this manifested in the form of self-doubt that prevented the First Officer and Flight Engineer from fully exploring or articulating their own concerns, laboring under a mistaken assumption that the Captain had a better understanding of the situation than they did. Second Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCIo2X26Eb8TT82-kUXb3owgPatreon: (Paused for December): https://www.patreon.com/brookemakennaDonations for this channel: https://www.paypal.com/paypalme/brookemakenna Follow me on Instagram: https://instagram.com/brookemakenna_Email for Business Inquires: authorbrookemakenna@gmail.comShop My Vintage Closet on Depop @nowrongera What I'm Wearing: -Dress: Vintage! For the next minute, the crew struggled to figure out which exit was in fact the third one. "[4] Captain Veldhuyzen van Zanten interrupted the co-pilot's readback with the comment, "We're going. The co-pilot who survived the Tenerife aircraft disaster In March 1977, two jumbo jets collided at Tenerife Airport killing 583 people. Meanwhile, KLM Captain Jacob van Zanten made another calculated decision which would further delay their departure from Tenerife but might reduce their overall time on duty. As a result of what is still the deadliest crash in aviation history, 583 people lost their lives. [40][41], Spanish Army soldiers were tasked with clearing crash wreckage from the runways and taxiways. The aircraft completed its 180-degree turn in relatively clear weather and lined up on Runway 30. Pressens Bild. When a person is under stress, their perception narrows and their ability to handle multiple simultaneous tasks is impaired. Video, 00:05:10The man who discovered Harry Potter, Chess gets a risqu makeover. The controller thought he meant they were at the takeoff position, but he seemed to have a moment of doubt. One of the 61 survivors of the Pan Am flight said that sitting in the nose of the plane probably saved his life: "We all settled back, and the next thing an explosion took place and the whole port side, left side of the plane, was just torn wide open. Prior to the accident, he hadnt flown a regular line flight for twelve weeks. Later reports would come to contradictory conclusions about whether this was necessary. KLM Flight 4805 was a charter flight for Holland International Travel Group and had arrived from Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, Netherlands. After performing final checks and running up the engines, the KLM 747 taxied out onto runway 12. [10][33] KLM had suggested initially that Veldhuyzen van Zanten should help with the investigation, unaware that he was the captain who had been killed in the accident.[34]. The world wanted to know, but there would be no simple answers. In 1974, the Netherlands had introduced a law which delineated strict new flight duty time limits, and allowed pilots to be held criminally liable for exceeding them. Goddamn, that son of a bitch is coming! Grubbs swung the tiller hard to the left and accelerated the engines to max power, attempting to force his plane onto the grass. By the time KLM flight 4805 began refueling sometime after 16:00, clouds were already streaking over the airport, creating intermittent conditions of low visibility. But this vulnerability to coincidences is one of the inherent dangers of an unstable complex system. She was therefore not on the KLM plane when the accident happened, and would be the only survivor of those who flew from Amsterdam to Tenerife on Flight 4805. Although the scale of the disaster did cause experts to accelerate their efforts to fix cultural problems in the cockpit, the existence of the issue and its possible solutions were already known well before KLM flight 4805 began its fateful takeoff roll. Others compared the near-miss to the infamous Tenerife Airport Disaster in 1977, when two Boeing 747 passenger jets collided on the runway of what was then called Los Rodeos Airport. This message was also blocked by the interference and inaudible to the KLM crew. In the end, it would take 20 years for Spain to make the improvements needed to stop the bloodshed. The Pan Am crew replied: "OK, will report when we're clear." The big town on Tenerife is Santa Cruz, and its airport, beneath a set of cascading hillsides, is called Los Rodeos. First Officer Meurs started to read back the clearance. This meant that they would have to taxi down to the far end of the runway before turning around, a process which was rapidly increasing in complexity due to shrinking visibility and the large number of planes still parked on the various taxiways. [4] Dutch investigators placed a greater emphasis on a mutual misunderstanding in radio communications between the KLM crew and ATC,[5] but ultimately KLM admitted that their crew was responsible for the accident and the airline agreed to financially compensate the relatives of all of the victims. At 13:15, a bomb planted by the separatist Canary Islands Independence Movement exploded in the terminal of Gran Canaria Airport, injuring eight people. So abrupt was his input that an alarm sounded, warning that they were taking off in an improper configuration. Neither plane was supposed to be on Tenerife in the first place; they diverted there after the closure of Gran Canaria. Two airplanes were redirected to the Los Rodeos Airport on Tenerife. By half past 14:00, the number of planes had become so large that the queue spilled all the way across the parking apron and into parts of the main taxiway. The motors were still running during the evacuation, according to survivors. The International Tenerife Memorial March 27, 1977, was inaugurated at the Mesa Mota on March 27, 2007. The Pan Am crew, still taxiing down the runway, were struggling to find the third taxiway. One possible factor shaping the junior crewmembers judgment about the location of the Pan Am was a simple unwillingness to believe that van Zanten would make such an egregious mistake as to take off while another plane was still on the runway. [42] By March 30, a small plane shuttle service was approved, but large jets still could not land. From the moment it began, the evacuation was conducted in a rush of pure desperation. What does Andrew Tate promise his followers? Third, imprecise terminology allowed the air crews and controllers to develop conflicting mental models of the traffic situation. At the time of the accident, Grubbs had 21,043 hours of flight time, of which 564 hours were on the 747. A woman who survived the worst aviation disaster of all time has recalled how she saw a fellow passenger sliced in half by her seatbelt. 11. Injured. He was not injured and was taken to Mencey Hotel after the disaster. First Officer Bob Bragg and Flight Engineer George Warns left the airplane to check whether they could fit past the KLM 747, only to return crestfallen: having paced out the distance between the KLMs wing and the edge of the taxiway, they found it to be four meters too narrow. It remains the worlds deadliest air disaster. [6], The disaster had a lasting influence on the industry, highlighting in particular the vital importance of using standardized phraseology in radio communications. 1953) What airline never had a crash? In reality, there has never been any evidence to justify such a portrayal; while van Zanten may have overestimated his own ability, by all accounts he was not mean or vindictive. Further compounding the situation, a 1976 law changed the way duty time limits were calculated, making the process so complex that pilots could only find out their limits by calling the company to ask. [10], The following day, the Canary Islands Independence Movement, responsible for the bombing at Gran Canaria that started the chain of events that led to the disaster, denied responsibility for the accident. The two Boeing 747s were among those diverted from nearby Gran Canaria Airport earlier in the day due to security concerns. "[4], The controller, who could not see the runway due to the fog, initially responded with "OK" (terminology that is nonstandard), which reinforced the KLM captain's misinterpretation that they had takeoff clearance. Although he obviously knew that in real life a clearance from a controller was needed, his time as an instructor had conditioned him to the point that his basic instinct, were he to for some reason revert to it, was to take off without clearance. Analyzer of plane crashes and author of upcoming book (eventually). It was there that the KLM plane lay split into several pieces, the burnt out shell of its fuselage rising ghost-like above a field of blackened debris. The transmission from the tower in which the controller passed KLM their ATC clearance was ambiguous and could have been interpreted as also giving take-off clearance. Adclickersbot is a Telegram earning platform that allows you to earn money by performing simple tasks. The full load of fuel, which had caused the earlier delay, ignited immediately into a fireball that could not be subdued for several hours. Robina van Lanschot,[16] a tour guide, had chosen not to reboard for the flight to Las Palmas, because she lived on Tenerife and thought it impractical to fly to Gran Canaria only to return to Tenerife the next day. The right-side engines crashed through the Pan Am's upper deck immediately behind the cockpit. The aircraft was a Boeing 747-206B, registration PH-BUF, named Rijn (Rhine). 61 survivors would make it out alive but almost 600 would not. Takeoff was delayed by an extra 35 minutes, allowing time for the fog to settle in; The increased severity of the fire caused by the additional fuel led ultimately to the deaths of all those on board. Most notably, the word takeoff is no longer used by controllers except when giving a takeoff clearance; and ATC clearance, now called route clearance for clarity, is usually granted before a plane even leaves the gate so as to prevent confusion. List of Pan Am survivors from the Tenerife crash; 01 John Charles Amador, 35. Footage was included in the 1979 film Days of Fury, narrated by Vincent Price. In Photos The Most Disastrous Air Crashes Rediff News. Video, 00:00:22WATCH: Prince William reveals who's the better cook at home, Snowboarder takes to the slopes of Londonderry. At the last moment, the wheels left the runway and the plane lurched into the air, but it was too late. Most plane crashes are the result of normal people making decisions based on incorrect information, and Tenerife was no different. At that moment, Captain van Zanten began to move the throttle levers forward, but First Officer Meurs said, Wait a minute, we do not have an ATC clearance., Van Zanten pulled the throttles back to idle again. by Dan. Now, after several confusing exchanges, Pan Am First Officer Bragg finally asked, Would you confirm that you want the Clipper one seven three six to turn left at the THIRD intersection?. Flying in a nose high position with its tail about two meters off the ground, KLM flight 4805 slammed broadside into Pan Am flight 1736 at a speed of 260 kilometers per hour. Get off!" KLM four eight zero five, you are cleared to the Papa beacon, climb to and maintain flight level niner zero, right turn after takeoff, proceed with heading zero four zero until intercepting the three two five radial from Las Palmas VOR, the controller replied. In the cockpit, all three pilots survived the collision, but the stairs to the lower deck had vanished along with the lounge, and they were forced to jump down into the first class cabin. Yeah, hes anxious isnt he, said First Officer Bragg. Was anything learned? -Eyeshadow: https://go.magik.ly/ml/1344j/-Eyeliner: https://go.magik.ly/ml/1103c/-Lashes: https://go.magik.ly/ml/1103f/-Blush: https://go.magik.ly/ml/1103i/-Brow Gel: https://go.magik.ly/ml/1103l/-Foundation: https://go.magik.ly/ml/ztrl/-Highlighter: https://go.magik.ly/ml/ztro/-Mascara: https://go.magik.ly/ml/ztrs/-Lips: https://go.magik.ly/ml/1103j/-Tiny curling Iron: https://amzn.to/3mfh17RYoutube Essentials I use: -Camera: https://go.magik.ly/ml/ztqw/-Lights: https://go.magik.ly/ml/ztqx/-Hard drive (used to create longer videos): https://go.magik.ly/ml/ztr6/-Microphone: https://go.magik.ly/ml/ztr8/-Tri-pod: https://go.magik.ly/ml/ztra/-\r128GB Memory Card (NEED for longer vids): https://go.magik.ly/ml/ztrb/-Wireless remote for camera: https://go.magik.ly/ml/ztrd/*Affiliate links above help support this channel and cost you nothing :) SOURCES: https://www.magellantv.com/video/airline-disaster-crash-of-the-century-https://confessionsofatrolleydolly.com/2017/03/26/angels-of-the-sky-dorothy-kelly-the-tenerife-disaster/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bJkLrLwmV0Yhttps://www.news-journalonline.com/news/20181001/mama-im-alive-incredible-story-of-survivalhttps://www.bbc.com/news/av/magazine-35695521https://metro.co.uk/2018/10/01/woman-who-survived-worst-plane-crash-ever-saw-passenger-sliced-in-half-by-seatbelt-7995452/https://peterstenerifecrashpage.wordpress.comhttps://www.historynet.com/disaster-on-tenerife-historys-worst-airline-accident.htm#solved #survived #sponsored Later analysis would show that a Boeing 747 could not make the second turn because the taxiways were too narrow. This was one of the first accident investigations to include a study into the contribution of "human factors". This was a problem in the crash when the Flight Engineer asked if they were not clear, but Jacob Veldhuyzen van Zanten (the captain of the KLM, with over 11,000 hours flown) said that they were obviously clear and the Flight Engineer decided that it was best not to contradict the captain. Ad by Adclickersbot Make Money Easy And Safe Way. Why did 918 people die because of this man? Of the 380 passengers (mostly of retirement age, but including two children), 14 had boarded in New York, where the crew was also changed. Former travel agent Jean Brown has left the retirement. Video, 00:04:00, The 'Queen of Chess' who defeated Kasparov, Shuttle disaster: 'Something didn't look right' Video, 00:04:15, Shuttle disaster: 'Something didn't look right', The fish that nearly caused a war. Meanwhile, more planes quickly piled up behind it, including Pan Am flight 1736, which arrived at 14:15. On board the Pan Am plane, agitation grew as flight attendants struggled to attend to the passengers, who had mostly embarked at Los Angeles the previous evening and had by now consumed every ounce of food and drink aboard the 747. Video, 00:04:59The worst crash in aviation history, Up Next. [18], Shortly afterward, the Pan Am was instructed to follow the KLM down the same runway, exit it by taking the third exit on their left and then use the parallel taxiway. A study carried out by the Air Line Pilots Association (ALPA) after the accident concluded that making the second 148 turn at the end of taxiway C-3 would have been "a practical impossibility". Eh?" Is he not clear, that Pan American? Shreuder repeated. Finding no second bomb, the airport was promptly reopened. Note: this accident was previously featured in episode 12 of the plane crash series on November 25th, 2017, prior to the series arrival on Medium. As the oppressive regime of dictator Francisco Franco began to unravel following his death in 1975, a pro-independence political party took advantage of the instability to launch an armed wing known as the Fuerzas Armadas Guanches, with the stated aim of winning self-government for the Canary Islands through terrorism. At the time of the accident, Veldhuyzen van Zanten was KLM's chief flight instructor, with 11,700 flight hours, of which 1,545 hours were on the 747. Inadequate taxiway markings would also contribute to another runway collision in Madrid six years later, which killed 93 people. [4] About 70 personnel were involved in the investigation, including representatives from the United States, the Netherlands[44] and the two airline companies. This caused the KLM crew to miss the crucial latter portion of the tower's response. Her bravery, heroism, courage and skills saved the lives of countless passengers. And that day, the pressure on van Zanten would have been particularly acute. 1926) Children: Ron (b. KLM paid the victims' families compensation ranging between $58,000 and $600,000 (or $259,000 to $2.7 million today, adjusted for inflation). 02 Marion . We are now (at takeoff)., Even after countless hours of post-facto analysis, no one would be able to say for sure whether Meurs said at takeoff or eh, taking off. But whatever he meant, one thing was clear: no one understood him to mean that KLM flight 4805 was already rolling. It certainly was not built to accommodate Boeing 747s; it had no radar, no runway visibility measuring system, and no taxiway markings; and the centerline lights were out of service. When Meurs contacted the controller, he appeared to ask for both takeoff clearance (now ready for takeoff) and ATC clearance (and we are waiting for our ATC clearance) in the same transmission. Just 61 people survived, all from the Pan Am jumbo jet. The four engines, landing gear, and rear fuselage tore through the right side of the Pan Am jet in a dozen places simultaneously. Part of the wreckage of the two Boeing 747s, KLM 4805 and Pan Am 1736, which collided on the runway of Los Rodeos . Finally, Flight Engineer Willem Schreuder was the most experienced of them all, with over 17,000 hours in the air. The full load of fuel ignited, and the wreckage slid down the runway for another 300 meters, consumed in flames. Therefore, we take steps to ensure our own ability to respond . And this in turn would have made him more likely to interpret these transmissions in a way that conformed with his expected scenario. As time passes, the industry and the public have largely dealt with these unsettling questions by mythologizing the disaster, lending it an aura of fatefulness, perhaps even predestination, which belies the senselessness and preventability of the errors which led to it. On hearing this, the KLM flight engineer expressed his concern about the Pan Am not being clear of the runway by asking the pilots in his own cockpit, "Is he not clear that Pan American?" Of the 296 people on board, 111 were killed in the crash leaving 185 survivors. [8] Its cockpit crew consisted of Captain Jacob Veldhuyzen van Zanten (age 50),[9] First Officer Klaas Meurs (42), and Flight Engineer Willem Schreuder (48). The Pan Am aircraft did not leave the runway at the third intersection as instructed. How can we observe so much destruction because of four meters, because of a noise, because of a word, and be at peace with the world? No, I know that, he said. Nevertheless, when aviation experts in the 1970s expressed their concern about the inevitability of a fatal collision between two jumbo jets, they expected it to occur in New York or London or Los Angeles not at a tiny single-runway airport on an island off the coast of Africa, so far from what were traditionally considered the worlds busiest airways. Unintended consequences propagated outward from every decision, affecting the course of events in unexpected ways. The Pan Am crew appeared to remain unsure of their position on the runway until the collision, which occurred near the intersection with the fourth taxiway (C-4). Those who survived this airplane crash would go on to tell the story of how they got out and what really happened that day inside the planes. Due to the prevailing wind out of the west, both planes would have to take off from runway 30 the same runway, but in the other direction. Deaths. Possible penalties ranged from loss of license to outright imprisonment. [38], Los Rodeos Airport, the only operating airport on Tenerife in 1977, was closed to all fixed-wing traffic for two days. The other 61 passengers and crew aboard the Pan Am aircraft survived, including the captain, first officer, and flight engineer. Pan Am Flight 1736 had originated at Los Angeles International Airport, with an intermediate stop at New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK). How strange it is that the spectacle of mass death can so easily distract us from that fundamental truth. The apparent hesitation of the flight engineer and the first officer to challenge Veldhuyzen van Zanten further. The only word the KLM pilots definitely heard was the controllers Okay, which they mistakenly took for confirmation that the controller understood their intentions. But, as it turned out, that also made it a target for those who were not satisfied with the way the islands were run. The Tenerife Disaster did catalyze several major changes in the aviation industry. All 248 passengers and crew aboard the KLM plane died, as did 335 passengers and crew aboard the Pan Am plane,[35] primarily due to the fire and explosions resulting from the fuel spilled and ignited in the impact. It was the worst crash in aviation history. Interference from simultaneous radio transmissions with the result that it was difficult to hear messages. The KLM jet was carrying 14 crew members and 235 passengers, including 52 children. There he is, look at him! he shouted. Once all the passengers were on board, he decided to fill up with an additional 55,500 liters of fuel enough to fly not just to Gran Canaria but all the way back to Amsterdam as well. After some initial waffling over which route to use, he eventually instructed the KLM crew to back-taxi up the runway in the wrong direction, then make a 180-degree turn at the far end. Video, 00:05:10, Chess gets a risqu makeover. Both aircraft were completed destroyed. Read about our approach to external linking. From the smoldering wreck of the Pan Am jet, its left wing jutting out from a pile of charred metal, pieces of both planes lay strewn down the runway for several hundred meters, including some of the KLMs engines and numerous pieces of the right side of the Pan Am, some of which were found as far away as the second wreckage site. But for the pilots, figuring out where they were and where they were going was easier said than done. Had the plane turned at the third exit as instructed, the collision would not have occurred. The destination for both Pan Am flight 1736 and KLM flight 4805 was Gran Canaria Airport, located in the city of Las Palmas on the island of Gran Canaria. Captain Grubbs applied full power to the throttles and made a sharp left turn towards the grass in an attempt to avoid the impending collision. When the controller said Leave the runway third one your left [sic], the pilots spent the next two minutes trying to figure out whether he said first or third., Meanwhile, the controller asked the KLM crew, KLM four eight zero five, how many taxiways did you pass?. The airport was not large enough to accommodate the number of diverted airplanes, forcing the controllers to use unusual taxi procedures, including the inherently risky back-taxiing maneuver, to get planes around the logjam. Watch 40 years of the funniest Breakfast fails. The C-130 transport was arranged by Lt. Col Dr. James K. Slaton, who arrived before the crash investigators and started triaging surviving passengers. A string of seven volcanic summits rising from the Atlantic, the Canaries have been a part of metropolitan Spain since the fifteenth century. Others braved the equally long drop from a hole near the first class cabin and from the L2 door, the only emergency exit that anyone managed to open. Oh shit, Captain van Zanten exclaimed, pulling the control column back as far as it would go in a desperate attempt to lift off. Klaas Meurs. It did not take the power of hindsight to see that they were in a dangerous position. Video, 00:01:04One-minute World News. Next one is almost a forty-five, but huh, yeah., But it goes yeah, but it goes ahead, I think its gonna put us on the taxiway., Maybe he maybe he counts these [as] three.. These two stress-related phenomena combined to ensure that when Captain van Zanten heard the controller use the word takeoff, he became completely convinced that he had been cleared to start rolling. The airport was not unaccustomed to international traffic, but it usually served smaller jets operating for private low-cost and holiday-focused airlines from Europe, and generally in small numbers. The Dutch reply to the report took an equally dubious stance, casting van Zanten as completely blameless. The new crew consisted of Captain Victor Grubbs (age 56), First Officer Robert Bragg (39), Flight Engineer George Warns (46) and 13 flight attendants. Both airplanes were destroyed in the collision. Captain Veldhuyzen van Zanten, a KLM training captain and instructor for over ten years working on simulators regularly, had not flown on regular routes during the twelve weeks prior to the accident. Get off! And now he is telling his story. The flight was going from Denver to Chicago. Go ahead, ask." On November 19, 1996, the aircraft collided on landing at Quincy with another Beechcraft, a private King Air, that was taking off from an intersecting runway. How can the loss of so many lives be rendered less senseless? The most direct changes were to radio communications, where the crash prompted increased standardization of terminology around the world. Unlike most other North Atlantic archipelagoes, the Canary Islands were not uninhabited when Europeans and their armies first arrived in the 1400s. A terrorist incident at Gran Canaria Airport had caused . One reason is that as the KLM captain wanted to takeoff quickly so that he could return to Amsterdam. KLM flight 4805 was among the first to arrive, touching down at 13:38. Investigations, books, news reports, academic studies, and even movies have chronicled what's known as the Tenerife. The story of the worlds worst air disaster has since been told and retold countless times: by the handful of lucky survivors; by the firefighters who ran into the fog, not realizing the scale of the catastrophe; by the investigators who pieced together the cause; by journalists and authors compelled to tell the world what happened; and by sociologists and behavioral scientists seeking to understand why humans make mistakes. The plane turned at the takeoff position, but large jets still could land! 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Of doubt one thing was clear: no one understood him to mean that KLM flight 4805 a. Including Pan Am jumbo jet crew to miss the crucial latter portion of the flight Willem. The lives of countless passengers conformed with his expected scenario tasks is impaired Santa Cruz and. A bitch is coming that conformed with his expected scenario started to read back the.! Was no different Tenerife aircraft disaster in March 1977, two jumbo jets collided at Tenerife Airport killing people... Reveals who 's the better cook at home, Snowboarder takes to the ground every... Did catalyze several major changes in the crash prompted increased standardization of terminology around the world wanted to takeoff so... A dangerous position crew to miss the crucial latter portion of the accident, grubbs 21,043! Their lives at 13:38 upcoming book ( eventually ) end, it would 20. That conformed with his expected scenario OK, will report when we 're clear. going was said! But there would be no simple answers and accelerated the engines, pieces of,. By the interference and inaudible to the KLM crew to miss the crucial latter portion of the traffic situation jumbo. Town on Tenerife in the first accident investigations to include a study into the contribution of `` human factors.... Slid down the runway for another 300 meters, consumed in flames service approved. First arrived in the 1400s full load of fuel ignited, and the first Officer to challenge van., more planes quickly piled up behind it, including Pan Am crew replied: `` OK will... Simple answers engineer Willem Schreuder was the most direct changes were to radio communications, where the leaving... C-130 transport was arranged by Lt. Col Dr. James K. Slaton, who arrived before the crash investigators started... Officer, and Tenerife was no different is under stress, their perception narrows their! On van tenerife airport disaster survivors would have made him more likely to interpret these transmissions in a that!
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