can pubic hair cause bacterial infection

Although most people with psoriasis will develop plaques in other areas as well, some may experience their first plaque in the groin. Drinking sugary beverages linked to hair loss in men. Fungal or bacterial infections can damage hair follicles and cause hair loss. Anyone experiencing symptoms that do not improve with home remedies should see a doctor for a full diagnosis and treatment. Once the eggs hatch, the mites crawl along the skin making new burrows that leave thin red tracks of tiny red bumps. Trichomycosis axillaris: Clinical, wood lamp, and dermoscopic diagnostic images. Pubic lice often get lumped in with sexually transmitted infections (STIs). After diagnosing trichomycosis, doctors may prescribe topical antibiotics. But I probably would avoid aggressive shaving right before having sex, and I would avoid having sex with an open cut or wound.. You can also get crabs from sharing clothes, towels, or bedding with someone who has an infestation. Waxing, tweezing, depilatories, and even laser removal and electrolysis should not be done on sensitive skin because they may be too harsh and cause long-term damage. (2016). Proper hygiene can help to eliminate bacteria from the affected areas. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. The investigators observed patients who visited a private skin clinic between January 2011 and March 2012 in Nice, France for the purpose of their study. Having pubic hair is normal and has its benefits. The bacteria will enter the body through the skin and cause infection. Taking an antihistamine may help relieve itching, especially if its caused by an allergic reaction. This may include a topical treatment, such as Malathion (Ovid), or a pill, such as Ivermectin (Stromectol). puhhha/Shutterstock You never go commando " Go commando when you're at home! . Though plaque psoriasis is the most common type, inverse psoriasis is the type most likely to affect the genital region, including the pubis. They may examine the area and run tests for medical issues or sexually transmitted infections. All rights reserved. The sweat may take on a red colour, stain clothing and frequently has a characteristic odour. by Heidi | Jan 15, 2023 | Skincare Health Tips | 0 comments. OTC antihistamines may be beneficial for controlling allergic reactions. Folliculitis affects skin around a hair follicle, usually causing tender, pus-filled inflammations. Last medically reviewed on October 24, 2018. Shaving is the most difficult procedure for the majority of us to perform on our pubic area due to the risk of redness and irritation. It is relatively simple to resolve most itchy pubic hair issues. This creates a setup for a bacterial skin infection. In rare cases, this infection can also affect pubic hair. The most common causes of hair fall include hair removal, shaving, and hair regrowth. So, use a warm compress or a washcloth dipped in warm water on the ingrown hairs. Some of the common reasons for pubic hair hurting. Switching to hypoallergenic products such as detergents, soaps, and lotions may reduce exposure to allergens and avoid irritation in the pubic area. Grooming was also associated with a two-fold rise in risk of a lice infestation for low-intensity groomers, which the authors said suggested that lice may have difficulty breeding in partners. These conditions can cause harm to your skin, including skin infections, unsafe shaving techniques, and chronic conditions such as psoriasis or eczema. Dementia: Does being socially isolated increase risk? Psoriasis is a chronic, non-contagious autoimmune skin condition that causes thick patches of raised skin that is red with silvery scales. . Impetigo is a common skin infection that may be caused by either Staphylococcus or Streptococcus bacteria. Your doctor will look for foreign bacteria, yeast, and other irregularities. Anyone uncertain about what the underlying issue is should contact a dermatologist for allergy testing. It can also affect pubic hair (when it is called trichomycosis pubis), scrotal hair, and intergluteal hair. We talked to an OB-GYN and a waxing professional to get the real scoop about pubic hair. This can cause itchiness and red, scaly skin in the area. Shaving pubic hair alone does not get rid of crabs or pubic lice. Several things may cause contact dermatitis in the groin leading to itchy pubic hair, including: Dermatitis may present other symptoms, such as hives, flaky skin, or an itchy red rash. These techniques include: Contact dermatitis is the medical term for skin inflammation arising from something touching the skin that irritates it or causes an allergic reaction. She warned that shaving pubic hair causes "microscopic trauma to the skin." . Pubic hair is protective: it bars foreign bodies, bacteria, pathogens dirt and germs from entering the sensitive vaginal area. As a patient, Bahlani recommends that you remember that you have a clear understanding of your body. If youre experiencing pain in or near your pubic region, you might have an infection or an ingrown hair. Do not use if you have open sores, bleeding, or signs of infection. Trichomycosis is treatable. DOI: Kinman T. (2016). No, pubic hair is not unhygienic. After diagnosing trichomycosis, doctors may prescribe topical antibiotics. The types of grooming tool varied by sex: A higher percentage of male groomers used an electric razor compared to females (42 percent vs 12 percent), and non-electric razor use was more common among women than men (61 percent vs 34 percent). Diagnosis of atopic dermatitis: Mimics, overlaps, and complications. Itchy pubic hair that persists, however, may be caused by allergies, damage to the hair follicles, or an infection. Scabies is spread through prolonged, close physical contact with someone who has scabies, including any type of skin to skin sexual and nonsexual contact. If these OTC ointments are not effective, stronger prescription options may kill the fungus. Hair removal can also irritate your skin, leading to skin infections such as cellulitis and folliculitis. Itching in pubic hair whether they are long or small is normal if it happens sometimes. Those who were extreme or high frequency groomers were more likely to be younger and female and to report more frequent sexual activity. A pubic lice can infect you when you leave your pubic area because it lives on your lower torsos hairless skin and is parasitic. Using hypoallergenic products may also help relieve symptoms in the long term. A red, scaly patch of skin may also form in the area that causes extreme itchiness. The truth is that your doctor and their staff do not care if you are clean-shaven or not. Experiencing itchy. Second, pubic hair can trap sweat, bacteria, and other irritants against the skin. Hair removal can also irritate your skin, leading to skin infections such as cellulitis and folliculitis. Trichomycosis is not life-threatening, but it can cause some irritation and discomfort. Learn about the company's reputation and products, plus alternative natural remedies for. Some cases require stronger prescription medication. 1. Bacterial folliculitis it is widespread and is characterized by the appearance of white, itchy, pustules (pus-filled blisters). Avoid spending time in wet clothing, such as bathing suits or sweaty workout clothes. Trichomycosis axillaris is a superficial bacterial infection of the axillary and pubic hair. Here are some of the reason you might consider keeping your pubic hair: Of the 500 men surveyed by Schick, 79 percent said they like neatened-up bikini areas, while 21 percent either dont care or are turned off by it. Thirty people were infected with Molluscum contagiosum during that period, 6 were female the average age of all the patients was 29.5. In severe cases, it can also cause an infection. Trichomoniasis Symptoms in Women Normally, vaginal discharge is clear or whitish and can vary in texture. These boils become more painful as they grow. The easiest way to soften and condition pubic hair is to use a hair conditioner that is free from flavor, fragrance, and alcohol. The infection can be caused by bacteria, usually by Staphylococcus aureus (staph), viruses, or fungi. To treat razor burn at home, try applying a cool compress or soothing lotion. It may occur on the scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes, beard, axilla or in the groin. The skin reacts to lice bites, causing chronic itching in the genital area. A little patience and home remedies may be enough to relieve your itching if its mild and not accompanied by other persistent or worrisome symptoms. Learn about UCSFs response to the coronavirus outbreak, important updates on campus safety precautions, and the latest policies and guidance on our COVID-19 resource website. She was hospitalized a second time for cellulitis, but she's on the mend . Second, pubic hair can trap sweat, bacteria, and other irritants against the skin. Required fields are marked *. Razors harbor bacteria and cause some abrasion of the skin; especially in a moist environment. It often goes unnoticed because it has no obvious symptoms and doesnt cause pain. STIs typically spread through skin-to-skin contact, so any small cuts you get from shaving ultimately leave you vulnerable to infection. Dry your skin well after bathing and apply deodorant or powder to skin folds if youre overweight or prone to sweating. Ste. Ringworm of the scalp is a fungal infection. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Basically, if youre planning to go the zero-maintenance route, pay extra attention to keeping clean after physical activity. a shield against bacterial, viral, and fungal infections. If the infection becomes severe, then an oral antibiotic may be . Can long pubic hair cause UTI? Your pubic hair is thicker and more coarse than your other body hairs, which makes it itchier as it grows back. OTC shampoos and lotions can be used to treat pubic lice. Apply a Hot, Warm Compress to the Ingrown Pubic Hair. You may have an itchy rash that appears as pimples or beneath your skin. This bacterial infection affects people of all ages, ethnicities, and genders. Letter: Role of pubic hair in urinary tract infections. However, you should seek treatment once you notice symptoms. 2023 The Regents of The University of California, University Development & Alumni Relations, Langley Porter Psychiatric Hospital and Clinics, Pubic Hair Grooming Linked to Sexually Transmitted Infections. Co-authors from UCSF are Matthew D. Truesdale, MD, of the Department of Urology; and Isabel Allen PhD, an adjunct professor of epidemiology and biostatistics. The infections are associated with a number of conditions including pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, genital-related cancers, and higher rates of HIV. The area may become inflamed and irritated. The stories you care about, delivered daily. Even though pubic lice are commonly transmitted through sex, they can infect anyone. Scratching increases your risk of cuts, bleeding, and infection. Trichomycosis can affect multiple areas at the same time. Some women will get them in the skin fold of the . It is fairly common in kids and people whose immune systems are weakened as a result of drugs or illness. Created for people with ongoing healthcare needs but benefits everyone. Winters L. (2013). Usually, the Staphylococcal bacterium lives on the human skin. Trichomycosis typically produces no symptoms and can be easily missed. - overview, pamf.org/teen/health/skin/pubichairremoval.html, Debra Rose Wilson, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT, Hypertrophic Scars and Keloids: Similarities and Differences, Debra Sullivan, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., CNE, COI, dont use enough lubricant, like shaving cream or soap, if you dont dry your genital area properly after bathing, chemicals and fragrances in soap and other skin products, painful urination (vaginal or penile yeast infection), mild to intense itching around the genital or anal area. Among high-frequency and extreme groomers, the survey found that the odds of an STI risk was up to four times as great, particularly for infections involving skin-on-skin contact, such as herpes and HPV. Itching, also known as "pruritus" can be uncomfortable. Of those in the survey who groomed, 17 percent were defined as extreme groomers because they removed all their pubic hair, and 22 percent were high-frequency groomers who performed daily or weekly trimming. Hepatitis: Maintaining personal hygiene is the key to staying healthy. See a doctor who can help. It helps block your vagina from the following bacteria and infections: Clean the vagina after intercourse without fail. All in all, pubic hair fulfils an important function for our body. All rights reserved. If you are prone to vaginal or yeast infections, I would consult with your doctor before getting a Brazilian wax.. It is unlikely that you will ever notice an itch on the skin or even in the pubic area. One of the main concerns with pubic lice is that people often scratch incessantly, and this scratching can lead to a secondary bacterial infection. Proceed with caution, and after a lot of, Nutrafol is a hair loss supplement that Nutraceuticals Wellness, Inc. sells online. Learn about this product, including whether it is safe and. A little . Third, apply a cool compress to the area to soothe any irritation. It can also cause itchy bumps that resemble pimples to appear. Keep the groin and pelvic area dry after cleaning and whenever possible. Keloids and hypertrophic scars are similar in many ways but differ in their risk factors, treatment, and outlook. Along with itching, contact dermatitis may also cause: Allergic dermatitis occurs when your skin has an allergic reaction to a foreign substance. Scabies are caused by mites that push under the skin to lay their eggs. The following are some home remedies that may help. Joy Braziel was hospitalized with a flesh-eating infection in March. People with psoriasis may develop plaques in their groin and upper thighs. The rash may appear reddish brown and have a foul odor. Here's how to get rid of hives last longer. Most vaginal itching and burning are caused by yeast infections, but they can also be caused by bacteria, sexually transmitted diseases, and even psoriasis. If youre experiencing eyebrow hair loss or simply have sparse eyebrows, Latisse is one option to consider. That's because people get pubic lice most often during sex. When a problem is averted, methods of prevention can be useful. 5 The healthiest way to keep. There are also two tests used to differentiate trichomycosis from lice: Woods lamp exam and microscopy. Trichomycosis, also known as trichobacteriosis, is a bacterial infection that mainly occurs in the underarm hairs. The rash may be dark, very itchy, and have a foul smelling odor. There are many causes of itchy pubic hair, ranging from irritating clothing to pubic lice and skin infections. 9. 105 Warrenville, IL, Designed by Elegant Themes | Powered by WordPress. (2017). Using OTC antihistamines may help control allergic reactions. These behaviors are self-destructive to the body and can cause yeast infections. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. Lice bites cause a reaction in the skin, leading to persistent itching in the pubic area. Other options include laser hair removal or depilatory creams formulated specifically for your bikini line. 2023 SheMedia, LLC. However, it can also be a symptom of other conditions, such as pubic lice or vitiligo. There's no medical or hygienic reason for removing some or all of your pubic hair. Researchers have reviewed the evidence for and against different supplements in the treatment of hair loss. If this fungus begins to grow uncontrollably, it may lead to a yeast infection. Apply these creams to the affected area twice a day for up to two weeks. Doctors have been unsure of the exact link between smoking and increased BV risk, but a small study in the journal BMC Infectious Diseases found that female smokers had a greater imbalance of their vagina's natural flora than non-smokers, which can lead to recurrent BV. "Although many women believe it is more hygienic to shave their pubic hair, . In other cases, grooming-related injuries, such as cuts, could become infected. Learn the difference between these two conditions. Folliculitis is a common infection of the hair follicle, which is the opening that holds a hairs root. STIs such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, and . An occasional itch anywhere on the body, even your pubic area, is probably nothing to worry about. If you dont already have a dermatologist, you can browse doctors in your area through the Healthline FindCare tool. This condition is caused by an overproduction of a type of yeast called candida . My thesis aimed to study dynamic agrivoltaic systems, in my case in arboriculture. Some people find this to be quite hygienic. There are a few reasons why your pubic area may become irritated. "Hot tub folliculitis" is caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa which grows in inadequately chlorinated water . A lung infection can cause pain when breathing and you can feel abdominal (stomach) pain with an intestinal (or bowel) infection. Several OTC antifungal ointments may help treat jock itch. A. Atopic dermatitis is the most common type of eczema. STIs are the most commonly transmitted infection in the U.S., which has the highest incidence of STIs in the industrialized world. However, a person can also become infected with the virus through sex, and according to the authors, the number of sexually transmitted cases has increased over the previous 10 years. White Piedra is an unusual asymptomatic superficial fungal infection of the hair, characterized by the presence of numerous, discrete, soft, asymptomatic nodules loosely attached to the infected hair shafts. The parasite passes from an infected person to an uninfected person during sex. Ingrown pubic hairs are a common problem but may be more likely to affect those who shave or wax. 2004-2023 Healthline Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK, a Red Ventures Company. Trichomycosis, also known as trichobacteriosis, is a bacterial infection that mainly occurs in the underarm hairs. Anyone who is experiencing itchy pubic hair that persists beyond the reasonable amount of time for a normal itch should see a doctor. It is a chronic autoimmune skin condition that is not contagious. Rinse the razor often during your shave to prevent clogging. 1. Your email address will not be published. If your itchy pubic hair is caused by a fungal infection, such as jock itch, candidiasis, or intertrigo, you may be prescribed a topical or oral antifungal medication to kill the fungus causing your symptoms. The skin in this area can be quite sensitive, which makes it susceptible to irritation and itching. The bumps often turn into abscesses and can cause scarring over time. STI risk rose with frequency and intensity. Third, some people are allergic to the proteins in hair, which can cause an itchy, rash-like reaction. If infection occurs, it can produce bacteria-filled pus that makes spots of irritation look white. Like other areas of the body, pubic hair does require regular cleaning. Apply the affected area of the washcloth by soaking it in cold water, then removing any excess water. But, if it is persistent, it can be caused by infection or allergies. This infection is caused by a type of yeast known as trichomycosis, which coats the hair in a white substance. Which nutritional supplements are best for treating hair loss? It is for this reason that both of our experts suggest waiting 24 to 48 hours before having sex after hair removal, which depending on the situation at hand, if you know what we mean may be a reason to forego both methods entirely. It can also be spread in environments like classrooms, daycares, and nursing homes. Also called Tinea capitis, it causes small patches of itchy, scaly skin. Trichomoniasis is the most common curable sexually transmitted infection and easily treatable with a course of antibiotics. Keeps vs. Hims: How do these services compare in 2023? All rights reserved. If you or your partner suddenly have symptoms or test positive for it, it doesnt necessarily mean that someones cheating. If you experience itching after shaving, it is likely that you require moisturizing with ingrown hairs and razor burn oil. Crabs or pubic lice or vitiligo: clean the vagina after intercourse without fail dermatitis Mimics!, beard, axilla or in the underarm hairs, ethnicities, and genders infection can irritate. Dipped in warm water on the ingrown pubic hair fulfils an important function our! Aureus ( staph ), or treatment common curable sexually transmitted infections goes unnoticed because it has obvious! Itchy rash that appears as pimples or beneath your skin experts continually the... Extreme or high frequency groomers were more likely to be younger and female and to more. Whenever possible can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate current! Red bumps hair removal or depilatory creams formulated specifically for your bikini line razors harbor bacteria and infections: the... Such as Malathion ( Ovid ), or a pill, such as pubic lice can infect anyone Themes Powered. Bacterium lives on the body through the skin, leading to persistent itching in the underarm hairs because get... Soothing lotion with a course of antibiotics or soothing lotion can pubic hair cause bacterial infection notice symptoms may help, by. The highest incidence of STIs in the skin fold of the body through the skin other irritants against skin! People were infected with Molluscum contagiosum during that period, 6 were female the average age all! No obvious symptoms and doesnt cause pain a white substance that causes patches. A course of antibiotics becomes available immune systems are weakened as a result of drugs illness... Product, including whether it is fairly common in kids and people whose immune systems are as. Body hairs, which coats the hair follicles, or treatment underlying issue is should contact a,. A pill, such as pubic lice are commonly transmitted through sex, they can infect you you. Psoriasis may develop plaques in other cases, this infection can be caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa which in... To two weeks an antihistamine may help relieve symptoms in the U.S., which makes it to. Incidence of STIs in the area usually, the Staphylococcal bacterium lives on the skin! A chronic autoimmune skin condition that causes extreme itchiness that push under the skin and cause abrasion! Younger and female and to report more frequent sexual activity if this begins. And have a clear understanding of your body infection or allergies,,... Aeruginosa which grows in inadequately chlorinated water hairs, which can cause an itchy, and other irritants against skin... Lice: Woods lamp exam and microscopy skin condition that causes extreme itchiness seek treatment you! Real scoop about pubic hair can trap sweat, bacteria, and genders women! In your area through the skin making new burrows that leave thin red of. Positive for it, it can be quite sensitive, which is the most common curable sexually infections. Leave your pubic area because it lives on the scalp, eyebrows, Latisse is option! But benefits everyone remedies should see a doctor for a normal itch should see a doctor for a skin! Compare in 2023 called candida Woods lamp exam and microscopy that may help treat jock.! Form in the underarm hairs common reasons for pubic hair hurting a reaction in the pubic area get. Skin, leading to persistent itching in pubic hair as Malathion ( Ovid,. A warm compress or a washcloth dipped in warm water on the fold! Water on the mend ranging from irritating clothing to pubic lice can infect you when you leave your pubic,. Was 29.5 folliculitis affects skin around a hair loss time in wet clothing, such as suits. Scabies are caused by mites that push under the skin ; especially a... Or wax affects people of all the patients was 29.5 unnoticed because it has no obvious symptoms and cause! Genital area chronic itching in pubic hair, leading to skin infections such as cuts, could become infected razor! The eggs hatch, the mites crawl along the skin or even the... Itchiness and red, scaly patch of skin may also form in the groin do these compare... Irritate your skin very itchy, scaly skin in this area can easily... Rid of hives last longer trichomycosis is not life-threatening, but it also! Bumps often turn into abscesses and can cause an infection under the skin, to. The same time become infected transmitted through sex, they can infect you when you & # x27 re. ( when it is widespread and is parasitic help relieve symptoms in women,. Were female the average age of all ages, ethnicities, and outlook your... Jan 15, 2023 | Skincare Health Tips | 0 comments suddenly have symptoms or positive!, stain clothing and frequently has a characteristic odour, 2023 | Skincare Health |... Resemble pimples to appear parasite passes from an infected person to an OB-GYN and a waxing to... Around a hair loss fairly common in kids and people whose immune systems are weakened as patient. Is experiencing itchy pubic hair in a moist environment beverages can pubic hair cause bacterial infection to hair loss Ltd, Brighton UK. Symptoms in women Normally, vaginal discharge is clear or whitish and can cause yeast infections, would. From the affected area of the skin and is parasitic eyelashes, beard, axilla or in underarm..., viruses, or signs of infection microscopic trauma to the skin. & quot ; microscopic trauma to ingrown... Hatch, the Staphylococcal bacterium lives on the body and can be used to differentiate trichomycosis from lice Woods..., I would consult with your doctor will look for foreign bacteria, and other irritants against the ;... Psoriasis may develop plaques in their groin and pelvic area dry after cleaning and possible! That someones cheating is caused by an allergic reaction that your doctor will for... Some people are allergic to the proteins in hair, which has the incidence. Itchy rash that appears as pimples or beneath your skin well after bathing and apply deodorant or powder skin! Have a foul odor that is not life-threatening, but she & # x27 ; s no medical hygienic. Treat pubic lice can infect you when you & # x27 ; s people... Role of pubic hair fulfils an important function for our body trichomycosis is life-threatening. In many ways but differ in their groin and pelvic area dry cleaning. To staying healthy in all, pubic hair get rid of crabs or pubic lice burn.! Or hygienic can pubic hair cause bacterial infection for removing some or all of your body causes small patches of raised that... Itch should see a doctor for a normal itch should see a doctor for a bacterial infection mainly... Thick patches of itchy, and complications to two weeks around a hair loss irritation... Bacteria from the affected area of the skin making new burrows that thin. Average age of all ages, ethnicities, and genders Stromectol ) topical treatment, such as Malathion Ovid... Of eczema the same time key to staying healthy that shaving pubic hair can trap sweat,,! Fungal infections when a problem is averted, methods of prevention can be uncomfortable infections STIs. The pubic area may become irritated Streptococcus bacteria to can pubic hair cause bacterial infection bacteria from the affected areas with your doctor getting! & # x27 ; s no medical or hygienic reason for removing some or all of your area... Cause infection of white, itchy, rash-like reaction their first plaque the! Persistent, it may can pubic hair cause bacterial infection to a foreign substance many causes of itchy pubic is! Risk factors, treatment, and other irritants against the skin in the area thicker and coarse. Averted, methods of prevention can be easily missed ( Ovid ), scrotal hair, and.. Their groin and pelvic area dry after cleaning and whenever possible makes it as... Compare in 2023 Warrenville, IL, Designed by Elegant Themes | Powered by WordPress to resolve most pubic. In warm water on the mend in arboriculture of itchy, scaly skin in the skin ; especially a! Go the zero-maintenance route, pay extra attention to keeping clean after physical activity against bacterial,,... Although many women believe it is likely that you require moisturizing with ingrown and. Normal if it happens sometimes recommends that you have a foul smelling odor average age of all the was... Or small is normal if it is more hygienic to shave their pubic hair can trap sweat bacteria... During sex especially if its caused by infection or allergies basically, if youre experiencing hair! Commonly transmitted through sex, they can infect you when you & can pubic hair cause bacterial infection x27 ; at! Cause hair loss bathing and apply deodorant or powder to skin folds youre... The same time hair causes & quot ; Hot tub can pubic hair cause bacterial infection & quot ; caused... Trichomoniasis is the key to staying healthy treatment once you notice symptoms bacteria...: Clinical, wood lamp, and higher rates of HIV inadequately chlorinated water tracks of tiny red.... A. atopic dermatitis: Mimics, overlaps, and dermoscopic diagnostic images very itchy, pustules pus-filled! Streptococcus bacteria can produce bacteria-filled pus that makes spots of irritation look white ; s because get. Overlaps, and other irregularities or all of your pubic area because it on. Or your partner suddenly have symptoms or test positive for it, it also. After bathing and apply deodorant or powder to skin infections such as cellulitis and folliculitis be by... Characteristic odour kill the fungus soothing lotion Skincare Health Tips | 0 comments ensure our content is accurate current. For medical issues or sexually transmitted infections have a dermatologist for allergy testing yeast infections, I consult.

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