Defining Cessationism The essential claim of cessationism is that there are certain gifts or activities (charismata) of the Holy Spirit mentioned in Scripture that are not available or necessary for the church today. Further, there are different understandings of charismatic gifts, e.g. Introduction | ; Board Members | ; The Eviction | ; Projects | They concede that these specific gifts, being foundational, are passed, but they remain open to all the non-foundational gifts. Spurgeon provided these descriptions and an explanation, as supplied by Philip Powell (I have located the following quotes from other sources): Charles Haddon Spurgeon (1834-92) was the prominent Baptist preacher in England during the 19th century, who spoke of a sermon at Exeter Hall in which he suddenly broke off from his subject, and pointing in a certain direction, said, `Young man, those gloves you are wearing have not been paid for: you have stolen them from your employer. [15] He spoke of miracles still occurring at the time but noted in The City of God that they were not as spectacular or noteworthy as those in the Apostolic Age, but that they continued to take place. [9] But he also wrote as a cessationist in his commentary on Galatians 4:1-9, Paul explained the purpose of these miraculous gifts of the Spirit in I Corinthians 14:22, Tongues are for a sign, not to them that believe, but to them that believe not. Once the Church had been established and properly advertised by these miracles, the visible appearance of the Holy Ghost ceased. Simonian cites several biblical observations supporting the distinction between canonical (foundational) and noncanonical (nonfoundational) prophets. But when that which is perfect is come, then that which is in part shall be done away. He wrote of spiritual gifts as being obscure in his understanding. Pastor Michael D. Martin The First Baptist Church of Wellsburg teaches a "cessationist" understanding of the sign gifts: "We believe that the Holy Spirit administers spiritual gifts to the church. () It is infallible as he is. [32] Against Heresies III.1.1, available at: http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf01.ix.iv.ii.html [Accessed 20 June 2010]. Nevertheless, Hodge saw no reason to adopt hard-and-fast cessationism. Custom boutique photography for newborns, children, families, seniors, and weddings [12] Some of the earliest Greek manuscripts do not include Mark 16:9-20. In his homily on 1 Cor. [38] B. Because I go to the Father. this note is legal tender. Only foundational prophets could devise prophecies with new doctrinal import that serve as the foundation of the Church. (505) 431 - 5992; fayetteville state university facilities management; captions for mountains and clouds. For some do certainly and truly drive out devils, so that those who have thus been cleansed from evil spirits frequently both believe [in Christ], and join themselves to the Church. My conclusion then is, that the power of working miracles was not extended beyond the disciples upon whom the Apostles conferred it by the imposition of their hands. However, as he notes, this is not the view of all continuationists. Copyright 2023 The Gospel Coalition, INC. All Rights Reserved. The fact that God has spoken perfectly does not mean that human beings have heard perfectly. [3] John Piper on the continuation of the gifts of the Spirit, available at: http://reformedandreforming.org/2010/03/31/john-piper-on-the-continuation-of-the-gifts-of-the-spirit/ [Assessed 20 June 2010]. I & II Corinthians (The Geneva Series of Commentaries). Especially, it would be highly problematic, if not self-contradictory, that a prophet would be entitled to declare "and so says the Lord" and utter false statements, as if the Lord's words were deceptive.[f]. The History of a Movement in Crisis (Yale, 2019), Benjamin Franklin: The Religious Life of a Founding Father (Yale, 2017), Baptists in America: A History with Barry Hankins (Oxford, 2015), and George Whitefield: Americas Spiritual Founding Father (Yale, 2014). So Irenaeus knew of the practice of the supernatural gifts of the Spirit in his day. The cessationist appeal to the closure of the canon does not imply that cessationists do not acknowledge the existence of revelations not included in the canon. The editors note at the end of the letter stated: I am not sure that you are quite right in labelling C. H. Spurgeon and possibly some of the others, whom you have named, as cessationists (p. 26). [17] The greater works is not easy to understand as it is unlikely that Christ was referring to more works as though the church would do more of them, as there was a common Greek word for more. Disputes concerning the verification of prophecies, Richard B. Gaffin would agree with the continuationist interpretation, see his. Tshifhiwa Irene was one of the most powerful women pastors until her demise in 2018. [8] This article was originally published as, The man who dared to change his mind about divine healing, in the Pentecostal Evangel, September 11, 1983, pp. [22], Revivalist George Whitefield (1714-70) asked, What need is there of miracles, such as healing sick bodies and restoring sight to blind eyes, when we see greater miracles done every day by the power of Gods Word?[23], John Owen, 17th century British non-conformist theologian and Puritan, wrote: Gifts which in their own nature exceed the whole power of all our faculties [tongues, prophecy, healing powers] belong to that dispensation of the Spirit [which] is long since ceased, and where it is now pretended unto by any, it may justly be suspected as an enthusiastical delusion. Copyright 2010 Spencer D. Gear. From a cessationist perspective, healings and miracles were always signs associated with the divine confirmation of the genuineness of a prophet in periods when God revealed new truths concerning the doctrine, a view not shared by continuationists. It would kill my mother if she heard that I had become a thief. (see HERE), On another occasion while he was preaching, Spurgeon said there was a man in the gallery who had a bottle of gin in his pocket. 673-75). First, we must understand what Christ means; namely, that the power by which he proves himself to be the Son of God, is so far from being confined to his bodily presence, that it must be clearly demonstrated by many and striking proofs, when he is absent. Protestant critics saw the Catholic tradition as riddled with fake claims of miracles. 15:18-19; II Cor. [7], In his later life, Augustine returned to a belief in the Lords supernatural ability to heal. On the spectrum of continuationist views, some agree with cessationists that the gift of prophecy is passed along with the office of apostles and prophets. But I am not fully persuaded by their case. For instance, Augustine, writing in the early fifth century, commented that speaking in tongues was a miracle that was no longer evident in his own time. (Rom. [41] John Calvin, despite having first developed the doctrine of cessationism, argues that this begins on the event of the Christian's death. Since apostles existed only in the New Testament (Acts 1:22) and since there were supernatural sign gifts given to apostles (2 Cor. list of cessationist pastors. And what shall I more say? [16], The Protestant Reformation saw the birth of a doctrine of cessationism, especially within Calvinism, that sought to deny that the gifts of the Holy Spirit persisted beyond the Apostolic Age. The cessationist point is that such noncanonical revelations would enjoy the same authority as the canonical. Now the ascension of Christ was soon afterwards followed by a wonderful conversion of the world, in which the Divinity of Christ was more powerfully displayed than while he dwelt among men. Please make sure all fields are filled out. They assert that the supernatural gifts of the Holy Spirit were used by God in the . [33], Later, Pentecostalism along with the charismatic movement in historic Christian Churches taught a baptism of the Holy Spirit (though different than the Methodist doctrine) accompanied by glossolalia. They would see many and striking proofs when they no longer had Christs bodily presence and he had returned to the Father. [24], One of the champions of cessationism was B. Another leader of the Reformation, John Calvin, wrote that the gift of healing, like the rest of the miracles, which the Lord willed to be brought forth for a time, has vanished away in order to make the new preaching of the Gospel marvelous forever It now has nothing to do with us, to whom the administering of such powers has not been committed. I should not have minded that; but he also said that I took nine pence the Sunday before, and that there was four pence profit; but how he should know that, I could not tell. In the 1700s and 1800s, suspicion of claimed miracles was connected to anti-Catholicism. Therefore, the apostle admonishes the Christians to judge and test the prophecy (George Stoeckhardt, Commentary on Romans, Koehlinger Translation, page 172), The view expressed by cessationists is that prophecy is an infallible and divine speech where God directly addresses people and which enjoys the same authority as written acknowledged prophecies. However, it is by inference only. Many "open but cautious" continuationists would make the same arguments. In a 1740 letter to the bishop of London, forinstance, Whitefield insisted that he claimed no access to extraordinaryoperations of the Holy Spirit such as working Miracles or speakingwith Tongues. He stated baldly, I am no Enthusiast. Josiah Smith,pastor in Charleston and Whitefields chief defender in South Carolina,picked up on this disavowal in his frequently printed The Character,Preaching, &c., of the Reverend Mr. George Whitefield, assuring readersthat Whitefield renouncd all Pretensions to the extraordinary Powers &Signs of Apostleship, Gifts of Healing, Speaking with Tongues, the Faith ofMiracles; Things peculiar to the Ages of Inspiration, and extinct withthem.. When I was a child, I spake as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child: but when I became a man, I put away childish things. Martyn Lloyd-Jones maintained a continuationist stance, but held that prophecy was not a gift that the modern Church should expect.[50]. Lake Mary, FL: Charisma House, 2002, Walker, D. P. "The Cessation of Miracles". Thomas S. Kidd is research professor of church history at Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary and the author of many books, including Thomas Jefferson: A Biography of Spirit and Flesh (Yale, 2022), Who Is an Evangelical? The contemporary charismatic movement does not represent a revival of biblical tongues. [14] Institutes of the Christian Religion, p. 1056. He was a contemporary of Athanasiuss later life, was Archbishop of Constantinople and defender of orthodoxy. Full cessationists believe that all miracles have ceased, along with any miraculous gifts. Once their ministry was accomplished, the need for authenticating signs ceased to exist. [13], Calvin seemed somewhat arbitrary when he wrote of the gifts of apostles, prophets, evangelists, pastors and teachers in Ephesians 4. C. Samuel Storms explains how prophecies can be fallible owing to human fallibility: The key is in recognizing that with every prophecy there are four elements, only one of which is assuredly of God: There is the revelation itself; there is the perception or reception of that revelation by the believer; there is the interpretation of what has been disclosed or the attempt to ascertain its meaning, and there is the application of that interpretation. [18], A theologian such as Norman Geisler gets over this difficulty with his cessationist interpretation, Jesus did promise that miracles would continue after His time, but not after the time of the apostles. But it is one thing to concede (with Hodge) that miracles or the exercise of the charismatic giftsmighthappen in the post-apostolic age, and another to practice such gifts in full accord with the spirit and letter of biblical guidelines. And when it happened they terminated altogether. In my preparation of this article, I engaged in email discussion with my friend, Philip Powell, who alerted me to several incidents in the life of C. H. Spurgeon which indicate that he was not a cessationist. Though Christ does not expressly state whether he intends this gift [of miracles] to be temporary, or to remain perpetually in the Church, yet it is more probable that miracles were promised only for a time, in order to give lustre to the gospel while it was new or in a state of obscurity. Others still, heal the sick by laying their hands upon them, and they are made whole. [1]:29394. [6], One of the greatest church fathers was St. Augustine, bishop of Hippo in northern Africa. More about cessationist interpretation of the command to test prophets, see R. Fowler White, J. Lee Grady, The Holy Spirit Is Not for Sale: Rekindling the Power of God in an Age of Compromise (Grand Rapids, MI: Chosen, 2010), "Spiritual Gifts Then and Now," Vox evangelica 15 [1985]:16, Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Gaffin and Grudem on Ephesians 2:20 In Defense of Gaffin's Cessationist Exegesis", "Pentecostals Don't Have a Copyright on the Holy Spirit (Part I)", "Wesley and Charisma: An Analysis of John Wesley's View of Spiritual Gifts", "310 Pentecostalism, the Charismatic and Faith Movements Preliminary Proof: Conclusions", "The Uneasy Conscience of a Non-Charismatic Evangelical", "Church Fathers: Homily 6 on First John (Augustine)", "Church Fathers: City of God, Book XXII (St. Augustine)", "Biblical and Historical Answers to Cessationism DVD Teaching", "Guidelines: The UMC and the Charismatic Movement", "A history of interpretation of "that which is perfect" (1 Cor 13:10) with special attention to the origin of the canon view", "A Challenge Against the Cessation of Prophecy", "Martyn Lloyd-Jones on the Gift of Prophecy", Can Cessationism be proven from Scriptures, Pentecostalism, the Charismatic and Faith Movements, Gaffin's Cessationist exegesis of Ephesians 2:20, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cessationism_versus_continuationism&oldid=1133824045, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles with style issues from September 2020, Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from September 2020, All articles that are excessively detailed, Articles that may contain original research from September 2020, All articles that may contain original research, Articles with multiple maintenance issues, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. [18] Homily on John 14:10-14, available at: http://153.106.5.3/ccel/schaff/npnf107.iii.lxxii.html [Accessed 20 June 2010]. [37] Therefore, the question is how both camps in the dispute understand 1 Corinthians 13:812. B. Warfield, professor of theology at Princeton Theological Seminary, 1887-1921. As Meyer notes, such a cautious approach does not really comport with being eagerfor manifestations of the Spirit (1 Cor. Consequently, new prophecies and revelations would likewise enjoy the same authority as the canonical prophecies and revelations of the Holy Scriptures. Minneapolis, Minnesota: BethanyHouse, p. 192. Historically, it was within Calvinism that modern doctrines of cessationism were first formulated. brett favre falcons trade. In my Contending Earnestly for the Faith[2] letter (March 2010, p. 25), I wrote that the following Christian leaders were cessationists (the gifts of the Spirit ceased when the Scriptures were complete). Wheelers evangelical defenders, wanted to make room for what they viewedas dramatic manifestations of the Holy Spirit, yet cessationism was sodeeply rooted that evangelicals struggled with how not to call suchastonishing experiences miracles. GALLERI; KONTAKT OSS Since the doctrine of continuationism is understood to mean that the gifts of the Holy Spirit, including miracles and healing, did not cease in the Apostolic Age, then continuationism was the settled view of the whole Christian church until the time of the Reformation. It is hardly likely that greater works could refer to greater examples of the supernatural. Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria (north Africa) from 328 until his death in 373, was known for his tireless defense of the deity of Christ against the heresy of Arianism at the Council of Nicaea in 325. I begin with a confession: I have always been a theoretical continuationist. For example, the 17th century Lutheran theologian, John Quenstedt urged a humble approach to claiming and sharing prophetic revelations: We must distinguish between revelations which pertain to, or attack, an article of faith, and those which concern the state of the Church or the State, social life, and future events; the first we repudiate; the latter, however, some hold, are not to be urged with any necessity of believing, nevertheless are not to be rashly rejected. Irenaeus assures us that the supernatural gifts of the Spirit had not disappeared by the end of the second century. They tend to confirm the idlest of all errors and superstitions. Cessationist Coffee Mug + 2 discs. Another concern for cessationists is the argument that modern-day prophecy, invariably in their view, stands in opposition to the Reformed doctrine of sola scriptura. Noncessationists argue that 1 Corinthians 1:4-8; Ephesians 4:7-13; as well as other passages affirm continuation. 0 Comments; pet friendly cabins in gatlinburg tn by owner George Whitefield: Americas Spiritual Founding Father, Clint Clifton: Tribute to a Colleague and Friend, Chinese House Churches Crazy for the Gospel, Wednesday Addams and the Return of Black-and-White Morality, Life and Books and Everything: American History and the Historians Task with Wilfred McClay. Name in Credits. God alone is responsible for the revelation. 8:28). I could tell as many as a dozen similar cases in which I pointed at somebody in the hall without having the slightest knowledge of the person, or any idea that what I said was right, except that I believed I was moved by the Spirit to say it; and so striking has been my description that the persons have gone away, and said to their friends, `Come, see a man that told me all things that ever I did; beyond a doubt, he must have been sent of God to my soul, or else he could not have described me so exactly. And not only so, but I have known many instances in which the thoughts of men have been revealed from the pulpit. 12:12-26 that spiritual gifts were extraordinary powers bestowed in the first ages, to convince unbelievers, and to spread the gospel.[21]. Cessationist Reading List You'll get a copy of our list of the best resources to help understand the doctrine of Cessationism. Ruthven, among others, argues that the belief that the gift of apostleship was limited to the 12 apostles plus Paul is itself a post-Reformation doctrine that needs re-evaluation, and he lists nine arguments as to why apostleship continues within the church. Numbers 11:25, when elders started to prophesy; and 1 Samuel 10, when Saul prophesied. Others have foreknowledge of things to come: they see visions, and utter prophetic expressions. However, his quoting from 1 Cor. Still, I do not deny that the Lord has sometimes at a later period raised up apostles, or at least evangelists in their place, as has happened in our own [Reformation] day.[15]. They argue that a prophecy would not contain new doctrinal content, and must instead be tested against the judgment bar of scripture. [7] Augustine, Homilies on the Gospel of John 6:1-14, in The Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers [7:497-98]. The words of the prophet are the words of God and are to be received and responded to as such. [34] Fundamental to the charismatic movement that arose in historic Christian Churches is the experience of baptism with the Holy Spirit and the use of spiritual gifts (charismata).[35]. This is a far cry from the biblical picture of a living God, who not only upholds the world day by day through his sovereign power. For instance, Masters states that the purpose of the gifts was to confirm the apostolic ministry with miraculous signs, until such a time as the biblical text was completed by the apostles and prophets. Middleton's (and Warfield's) historical methodology towards miracles is outlined as follows:[28]. Some moderate defenders of the revivals, suchas Jonathan Edwards, struggled to avoid mentioning the miraculousthough they conceded that dramatic bodily effects such as trances, fits,and even instant healings might represent the work of the Spirit. 2) The miracle (or sign) gifts are only mentioned in the earliest epistles, such as 1 Corinthians. It is because, when he has entered into the possession of his kingdom, he will more fully demonstrate his power from heaven.[16]. However, it would take the emergence of Pentecostalism and a new Pentecostal theology to crystallise a theological position of continuationism as it would be understood today. Scripture explicitly states, Ruthven opined, that the function of the charismata is not for the accreditation of apostles and true doctrine, but for the edification, exhortation, encouragement and equipping of all believers for further service. For that which the Spirit imparts to each is provided from the Father through the Son. Miracles are seen as proving doctrine and once the canon was sealed and the last apostles died, they were not needed. Some are so trifling as to excite nothing but contempt. I have written about him in St. Augustine: The leading Church Father who dared to change his mind about divine healing [Accessed 20 June 2010]. Continuationists argue that there is no reason to maintain that the gifts of the Holy Spirit have ceased, regardless of whether they believe that said gifts should be expected in the modern church or not. [25], C. H. Spurgeon the prominent 19th century Baptist preacher and pastor of the Metropolitan Tabernacle, London, for 38 years, wrote that, those gifts of the Holy Spirit which are at this time vouchsafed to the church of God are every way as valuable as those earlier miraculous gifts which are departed from us As you would certainly inquire whether you had the gifts of healing and miracle-working, if such gifts were now given to believers, much more should you inquire whether you have those more permanent gifts of the Spirit which are this day open to you all, by the which you shall work no physical miracle, but shall achieve spiritual wonders of the grander sort.[26]. He wrote that in the earliest times, the Holy Ghost fell upon them that believed: and they spake with tongues, which they had not learned, as the Spirit gave them utterance. What could be greater than the raising of Lazarus from the dead? 12:4-6). What is continuationism? [36]:389 Other cessationists would agree with the continuationist interpretations, but disagree with MacArthur about the natural character of the gift of prophecy. John Piper, an outstanding expositor of the Scriptures from Bethlehem Baptist Church, Minneapolis, MN, and founder of Desiring God Ministries, wrote: Virtually all the great pastors and teachers of history that I admire and that have fed me over the years belong to the group who believe that signs and wonders were only for the apostolic age (John Calvin, Martin Luther, John Owen, Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield, Charles Spurgeon, Benjamin Warfield, my own father). George Whitefield and his defenders emphasized that, despite his great spiritual gifts, he claimed no apostolic ormiraculous powers. 1 Corinthians 14:29; 1 Thessalonians 5:20).[46][d]. Spurgeon, Charles Hodge, and a multitude of current leaders such as John MacArthur & Norman Geisler. An important problem in the dispute between continuationists and cessationists is the difference in understanding of key concepts. [16] Available at: http://www.ccel.org/ccel/calvin/calcom35.iv.ii.html [Accessed 20 June 2010]. From Wretched to Needy: Changing a Classic Hymn, Christianity, Warfare, and American National Identity: An Interview with Benjamin Wetzel, Did the Fundamentalists Win? This argument is widely disseminated in cessationist literature, expressing the view that new prophecies and revelations are by definition additions to the canon. Although many Reformed Protestants want to maintain clarity about the theological distinctions between Catholics and Protestants, we live in an era of much less intense anti-Catholic sentiment among most conservative Protestants. 1. Why look now, the cause too of the obscurity has produced us again another question: namely, why did they then happen, and now do so no more? In his expos of the charismatic movement in Charismatic Chaos, he stated, I am convinced by history, theology, and the Bible that tongues ceased in the apostolic age. The Holy Spirit empowers us, providing us the strength we need to obey God's law and to serve His kingdom. [29], Against this cessationist view, Karl Barth, the main exponent of what came to be known as neo-orthodoxy within non-fundamentalist Protestantism, declared, "It is assumed that the church at all times needs the witness of apostles and prophets; further, Paul does not anticipate that the inspired and enthusiastic ministry was to be absorbed by and disappear into offices and officers". Therefore, noncanonical revelations could, in principle, be included in the canon, had they been written and preserved. Implicit in their appeal is their understanding that the closure of the canon marked the end of the manifestation of spiritual gifts. Copyright 2002-2023 Got Questions Ministries. That thing was done for a betokening, and it passed away. "[31], The rise of Methodism in the 18th century emphasized "pursuing the ordinary work of the Spirit" and followers "experienced all types of charisms and spiritual manifestations. This work covers only 1 Cor. [44]:68. but who also listens to the prayers of his people, and works all things A continuationist will further state that the Bible is an indispensable guide for the verification of prophecies. Virtually all continuationists agree on this point, See for instance Don Codling. What is a continuationist? What of Matthew Henry (1662-1714), the British Presbyterian Bible commentator? Accounts of spiritual gifts can be found throughout history, but it was not until the advent of Pentecostalism and the later Charismatic movement that large numbers of Christians began to adhere to a radical continuationism, arguing that the gifts of the Holy Spirit are meant to be experienced by all Christians in every age. That the cures and beneficial effects of them were either false, imaginary, or accidental. [28], A leading contemporary exegete, theologian and apologist, Norman Geisler, teaches that even though tongues are mentioned in the New Testament, it is possible that tongues are no longer for us. You are the church. [11], In his commentary on the Synoptic Gospels, writing of Mark 16:17[12] (and these signs shall follow them that believe), Calvin wrote, When he says that believers will receive this gift, we must not understand this as applying to every one of them; for we know that gifts were distributed variously, so that the power of working miracles was possessed by only a few persons. You wont expose me, sir, will you? Irenaeus became bishop of Lyons, Gaul (France today). John Calvin wrote in a preface to his Institutes of the Christian Religion that the primary purpose of miracles was to confirm divine revelation and affirm the Church's doctrine. [24] The Works of John Owen, IV:518, cited in J. I. Packer, John Owen on spiritual gifts, available at: http://www.johnowen.org/media/packer_quest_for_godliness_ch_13.pdf [Accessed 20 June, 2010]. B. Warfield went further and argued that the gifts of the Holy Spirit were only conferred by the laying on of hands of the Apostles, and since the Apostles have all died, that the gifts too have ceased to exist. Answering a Century-Old Question. [5] p. 186, available at: http://books.google.com.au/books?id=KrvXjxlRsP0C&pg=PA186&lpg=PA186&dq=%22spiritual+gifts+Athanasius%22&source=bl&ots=bSy_5TDTTk&sig=M0eG3pAw_84LDTCcrR0aMmFZjh0&hl=en&ei=aTkdTLD7BIi8cY-4_P4M&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CDEQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q&f=false [Accessed 20 June 2010]. Go through this list and find the names of the most famous and powerful pastors in the world. More insights from your Bible study - Get Started with Logos Bible Software for Free! Many are perplexed by the statement of Christ, that the Apostles would do greater works than he had done I pass by the other answers which have been usually given to it, and satisfy myself with this single answer. Our suspicion of claimed miracles now focuses on TV preachers like Benny Hinn and the peddlers of the prosperity gospel. But the point remains that we should shape our theology not primarily with reference to fears over the abuses and excesses of others, but fundamentally by reference to Scripture. More than a century later, Charles HodgesSystematic Theology (1872-1873) expressed an openness to post-apostolic miracles, but he still was concerned about the pious frauds that he saw as the enduring shame of the Catholic Church. The writing of Conyers Middleton, who John Wesley objected to, was taken by Warfield as his own. Miracles and the charismata do not prove the gospel or doctrine; they are an expression or manifestation of the Gospel itself.
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