In 1901, occupation forces roamed the countryside to pillage, loot, and hunt for Boxers. W. H. P. Signs of Promise.The Advocate of Peace, pp. 77-99 (2011). A tiny female China peers at the scene from behind a wall. The material on this site is distributed without profit to those who have expressed a prior interest in receiving it for research and educational purposes. Opposing viewpoints usually found expression in simpler but no less powerful black-and-white graphics in other publications. Christian missionaries, their Chinese converts, and eventually all foreigners were blamed for the troubles and attacked by Boxer bands of disenfranchised young men. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University, U.S. President William McKinley is depicted as a preacher standing on a dead Filipino, grinding his heel into the mans face. As early as mid 1899, for example,Lifecalled attention to the staggering death count among Filipinos with a cartoon titled The Harvest in the Philippines. It is now estimated that, all told, between 12,000 and 20,000 Filipino military perished in this conflict, as opposed to 4,165 killed on the U.S. side. Philippines, Hawaii, Cuba, Porto Rico. A Native American reads a book upside down and a prospective Chinese pupil stands in the doorway. In the French cartoon Leur rve (Their dream), the globe is portrayed as a victim carried on a stretcher. Appelbaum, Stanley. And, more subtly yet, it reflected the shift from the nations agrarian roots toward global engagement. French artists, on the other hand, leveled charges of barbarism against Great Britain and other imperial powers, including their own country, in vivid graphics. From the high to the low, by 1901 the collaboration between the two Anglo nations held a different fate for the globe. Bickers, Robert A. and R. G. Tiedemann, editors (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007). And the third was the anti-foreign Boxer Uprising in China in 18991901, which led to military intervention by no less than eight foreign nations including not only Tsarist Russia and the Western powers, but also Japan. How such uncivilized behavior fit the rhetoric of the civilizing mission is the subject of theLifecartoon, A Red-Letter Day. Against a backdrop of distant flames, a Filipino mansympathetically drawn as tall, handsome, and heroic in contrast to the usual caricature of a tiny, expressionless savage in a grass skirtis questioned by a clergyman. The noble rhetoric that buttressed overseas expansion, as Twain presented it, was largely for Home Consumption, and stood in sharp contrast to the Actual Thing that the Customer Sitting in Darkness buys with his blood and tears and land and liberty. Where the Philippine temptation in particular was concerned, he cited press reports of atrocities by American troops. One victim of the UK Blair torture regime Fatima Boudchar was actually pregnant when kidnapped along with her husband for rendition. 4). For publication of Global Research articles in print or other forms including commercial internet sites, contact: [emailprotected]. The 1901 date indicates that the specific reference is to Allied reprisals against Chinese civilians following the Boxer Uprising. 3, pp. Uncle Sam, armed and dangerous, cocks an eyebrow as he displays his handiwork: countless dead Filipino soldiers laid out in rows. The wars undertaken in the name of Civilization and Progress were more savage, tortuous, and contradictory than is often recognized. Generic names on the gravestones are coupled with places of origin, including England, Scotland, Ireland, New Zealand, Canada, Australia, Gibraltar, India, Ceylon, and Egypt, indicating the diversity of those recruited to fight and die for the British Empire. The phrase became a trope in articles and graphics dealing with imperialism and the advancement of Western civilization against barbariansor as the poem put it, Your new-caught sullen peoples, Half devil and half child.. Having purchased the Philippines from Spain per the Treaty of Paris for $20 million, the Americans then had to fight Filipino resisters to benevolent assimilation. The Philippine-American War dragged on with a large number of Filipino fatalities, shocking Americans unused to foreign wars. In this 1898 cartoon, Britannia (Great Britain) welcomes Columbia (the United States) as an estranged daughter and new imperialist partner. Who, they asked, was the real barbarian? Source:Bibliothque nationale de France, In this cartoon from the French special issue on concentration camps in the Boer War, a gaunt Britannia is the only living creature in a vast graveyard for dead British soldiers. The addition of an exclamation point in the caption, The White (!) In The Harvest in the Philippines, Uncle Sam stands, armed to the hilt, gazing at the viewer with a field of Filipino corpses lined up in rows behind him and stretching back as far as the eye can see. The Native: Ever since my home was burned to the ground and my wife and children shot. Frederick Thompson Richards,Life, October 18, 1900. Colonial success is equated with chivalry and invincibility.. Even the Civil War is referenced, in a wall plaque: The Confederate States refused their consent to be governed; but the Union was preserved without their consent. Refuting the right of indigenous rule was based on demonstrating a populations lack of preparation for self-governance. Though carving the Chinese melon was a popular metaphor, none of the invaders seriously considered partitioning the large country under foreign rule. Uncle Sam is to be Sacrificed: Anglophobia in Late Nineteenth-Century Politics and Culture.American Nineteenth Century History. The cartoon links might with right, as the cannon is pushed and dragged forward by clergy identified by their headgear: skullcap, biretta, clerical hat, top hat, and distinctive English-style shovel hat. Allied troops departed Tianjin for Beijing on August 4. (Shannon: Irish University Press, 1972)(New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1972). XII, No. On June 17, while the fate of Seymour and his men remained unknown to the outside world, Allied navies attacked and captured the forts at Taku. In often searing graphics, they challenged the complacent propagandists for Western expansion by addressing (and illustrating) a devastating question about the savage wars of peace. The caption applies the motto united we stand to the Anglo-Saxon brotherhood spreading Western civilization abroad. As the American West was absorbed and the continent consolidated, the mandate of Manifest Destiny shifted from territorial to commercial expansion beyond contiguous borders. Civilization (to China). In the eyes of the West, China was dangerously close to chaos as the new century began. The following year,Lifecartoonist William H. Walker evoked the horror of the Allied intervention in China in a graphic captioned, Almost thou persuadest me to be a ChristianActs xxvi, 28. A Chinese man falls off his chair, the Bible at his feet, laughing at Uncle Sams duplicity in preaching Christianity while showing a bloody panorama of Allied soldiers executing and marauding on a screen. Skulls dot the landscape ahead inLifes grim rendering. Wilhelm points ahead, where the inhabitants flee. The caption reads: The Stranger: How long have you been civilized? From 1899 to 1902, the U.S. and Great Britain each became mired in colonial wars that were more vicious and long-lasting than expected. Confucius, Missionary banner (Allied forces flags): Whatsoever ye would that men should do to you do ye even so to them. It is all too easy to assume that Americans, English, and others on the home front could not see what their nations were doing overseas. Titled Dream of the Empress of China, the dream is an obvious nightmare, as the sardonic sub-caption makes clear. Cartoonist Victor Gillam turns the tables on American missionary zeal and moral imperative to save the heathen by showing how the Chinese might view the foreign devils in vignettes of ignorance, racism, and extreme violence in the United States. The war was declared over by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1902 but continued in parts of the country until 1913. According to Kipling, European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized places. The caption quotes one of the presidents speeches: Teaching them the truth of the common fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man, and showing that if we are not our brothers keepers we can be our brothers helpers. Additional images from the issue depict barbaric behavior by the multinational force that intervened in China during the Boxer Uprising. The Philippines are diminished as Only the Stepping-Stone that enables the U.S. to reach the eagerly anticipated China market. As the Heathen See Us: Reversing the Gaze. The aggressors brought progress in the form of modern technology, communications, and Western dress and culture. By the spring of 1900, Boxer attacks were spreading toward the capital city of Beijing. Lasting from June 20 to August 14, 1900, the siege was the catalyst for a rescue mission by the Allied forces of eight major world powers. At the same time, the distinction the artist draws between Britains burden and Americas is striking. He was just one of the imperial rulers and national figures to be demonized. Je lai fait relguer sous bonne escorte. Supporters of imperialism in Europe and the United States believed that imperialism helped their colonies because it brought new technology and growth. The U.S. must govern its new territories with or without their consent until they can govern themselves. Veneration of Britains treatment of colonies as a positive model attests to the significant shift in the American world view given U.S. origins in relation to the mother country. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like White Man's Burden, East India Company, Opium War and more. She may be red-handed, and at times drunk, but she is there for business. Klein, Thoralf. The Presidents Speech. William Bengough,Life, May 24, 1900. Mans Burden, in the caption to thisLifecover published shortly after Kiplings poem. Louis Dalrymples exceptionally detailed 1899 Puck graphic includes racist and denigrating depictions within a schoolhouse metaphor to demonstrate the right to govern newly acquired territories without their consent. When this cartoon was published, the foreign Legation Quarter in Beijing was besieged by Boxers and Qing troops. Twains most celebrated anti-imperialist essay, To the Person Sitting in Darkness, was published in the February, 1901 issue of theNorth American Review. Source: Houghton Library, Harvard University. May 26, 2022. This early outburst of what we refer to today as clash-of-civilizations thinking did not go unchallenged, however. When applied to people and cultures, the survival of the fittest doctrine gave wealthy, technologically-advanced countries not only the right to dominate backward nations, but an imperative and duty to bring them into the modern world. Girls are part of the obedient older class studying books labeled California, Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. The only non-white student in the older group holds the book titled Alaska and is neatly coifed in contrast to the unruly new class made up of the Philippines, Hawaii, Porto Rico, and Cuba. All are depicted as dark-skinned and childish. BritanniaDaughter! 14-27 (May-June 1999). '. Turning to China, his stinging indictment extended beyond the two Anglo powers to target the Kaisers Germany plus Tsarist Russia and France. In many cases they resisted through uprisings and rebellions and felt that they should be free to govern themselves. An elaboratePuckgraphic from early in 1899 called School Begins incorporates all the players in a classroom scene to illustrate the legitimacy of governing without consent. U.S. 11, Issue 40, No. British armies had difficulty stopping mounted Boer commandos spread out over large areas of open terrain. To criticise or hold under too deep a scrutiny is to be accused of being an agent of a new type of colonialism. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like White Man's Burden, East India Company, Opium War and more. When a Chinese coolie strikes a French soldier the result is a public cry of Barbarity! But when a French soldier strikes a coolie, its a necessary blow for civilization. Ren Georges Hermann-Paul,Le Cri de Paris, July 10, 1899. (doi:10.1017/S0021875810000046). Vebers series, Les Camps de Reconcentration au Transvaal, begins with the cover image Le Silence, in which a veiled woman holds her finger to her lips, standing over the remnants of what appears to be an electric fence and a plow that suggests the earth has been tilled to bury evidence. Britain, the more powerful military partner, shows celebrated victories over the Spanish Armada in 1588 and over the French and Spanish navies at Trafalgar in 1805. The caption refers to a Bible passage in which belief is nearly, but not completely reached. Progress was promoted as an unassailable value that would bring the worlds barbarians into modern times for their own good and the good of global commerce. Regarding the Philippines in particular, he continues: without any desire or design on our part, the war has brought us new duties and responsibilities which we must meet and discharge as becomes a great nation on whose growth and career from the beginning the ruler of nations has plainly written the high command and pledge of civilization. 4, pp. ), In an image titled, Vers le Camp de Reconcentration (To the Concentration Camp), women and children are dragged off by British soldiers. Although these magazines were affiliated with different political partiesthe Democratic Party and Republican Party respectivelyboth generally supported pro-expansionist policies. Our Civilized Heathen asks what is civilized and who are the heathen. The U.S. entered the elite group of world powers with victories in the Spanish-American War (written in the clouds over the naval battle on the right). New commodities also meant advances in weaponry that might give neighboring countriesin particular, Germanythe potential to strike Britain. In the United States, the Boer War, conquest of the Philippines, and Boxer Uprising prompted large, detailed, sophisticated, full-color cartoons inPuckandJudge. Several of these graphics fromPuckcommented on Americas problems at home while accusing others of being barbarians. The Maine had been dispatched to Cuba to support an indigenous insurrection against Spain. Esherick, Joseph. No blow has been struck except for liberty and humanity, and none will be.William McKinley. W. A. Rogers,Harpers Weekly, July 28, 1900. Penguin Press. To the Person Sitting in Darkness addressed Great Britains Boer War as well as the Philippine conquest and Boxer intervention. Selling Empire: American Propaganda and War in the Philippines.TheAsiaPacific Journal, Vol. On the contrary, they reflected intense debates about civilization, progress, and the white mans burden that took place on both sides of the Atlantic. Europeans, this reads, Pour the Blessings of Their Culture over the Globe.. Lifes satire of the white mans burden mystique offers a procession of the supporters of the new imperialism beginning with missionaries and ending with the traveling salesman. TexasandU.S.S. The Boxer Uprising was a godsend for the righteous exponents of a world divided, between the civilized West and barbaric Others. The message suggests that the indigenous man will be brought out of ignorance through the inescapable march of progress in the form of Western civilization. Le Royaume-Uni (United Kingdom) Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. Despite several victories in the battle for Tianjin, chaotic Chinese forces melted away before the Allied advance. It is just to use every legitimate means for the enlargement of American trade; but we seek no advantages in the Orient which are not common to all. The U.S. conquest of the Philippines, coupled with the multi-nation Boxer intervention in China, prompted Twain to become an outspoken critic of America plunging into what he denounced as the European Game of overseas expansion. The larger objective, to gain control of the Boer territories, was part of Britains colonial scheme for Cape to Cairo hegemony in Africa. AHistory of American Magazines. Long-standing personifications and visual symbols for countries were used by cartoonists to dramatize events to suit their message. Reports of the Boxer attacks seeped out of the beleaguered area and misinformation spread, like this headline in theNew York Timeson July 30: Wave of Massacre Spreads over China. The White Man's Burden Today: Good Governance and Corruption The presentation of White Man's Burden and the figure of Oystein Tveter along with the presence of such a distinguished Periodicals likeLifein the U.S. (predecessor to the later famous weekly of the same title), as well as French and German publications, printed both poignant and outraged visual arguments against the imperialist tide, often with acute sensitivity to its racist underpinnings. Murphy, Erin L. Womens Anti-Imperialism, The White Mans Burden, and the Philippine-American War,The AsiaPacific Journal, Vol. Christian missionaries often led the way, followed by politicians, troops, andbringing up the rearbusinessmen. In this rendering it is the Bible-toting white invader (The Stranger) who is ridiculed. His biblical title, which came from Matthew 4:16 (The people who sat in darkness have seen a great light), picked up on many pro-imperialist themes of the times. Most viewers will probably agree that there is nothing really comparable in the contemporary world of political cartooning to the drafting skill and flamboyance of these single-panel graphics, which appeared in such popular periodicals as Puck and Judge. The human and financial cost of these extended conflicts was large. The conspicuously larger size of Britannias big guns inPucks cartoon reflects Englands leading role in imperial conquest. The banners of both side pronounce fidelity to the golden rule., Boxer banner (Chinese forces flags): Do not do unto others what you would not that others should do unto you. While the European powers favored Spain in the Spanish-American War, for example, neutral Britain backed the U.S. During the 1898 Battle of Manila Bay, British ships quietly reenforced the untried U.S. navy by blocking a squadron of eight German ships positioned to take advantage of the situation. Western missionaries had penetrated the interior, and the missions they established disrupted village traditions. However, these came at a huge price for the people of these regions. This French cartoon eschews the romantic presentation in the preceding Puckgraphic and casts a far more cynical eye on Anglo-American expansion as fundamentally a matter of conquest. Source:The Ohio State University Cartoon Research Library. The language obviously resonated with the Kipling-esque imagery of white men bringing enlightenment to new-caught sullen peoples, half-devil and half-child. People of darkness was, moreover, a perception that missionaries (whom Twain excoriated) routinely applied to the heathen natives of non-Christian lands. Kipling offered moral justification for the bloody war the U.S. was fighting to suppress the independent Philippine regime following Spanish rule. By the 1890s, the U.S. began to revitalize both its commercial and naval fleets. A Red-Letter Day. This was followed by the invasion and takeover of Puerto Rico. But by the 1890s, emerging industrial powerhouses like the U.S. and Germany reduced Britains industrial dominance. western leaders perspective on the white man's burden. western leaders perspective on the white man's burden. In these details, the headlight of a modern vehicle (Judge, 1900) and starlight from a goddess of civilization (Puck, 1898) illuminate demeaning caricatures of China. On the magazines cover for August 8, 1900, the familiar feminized and godlike personification of the West points at a slavering dragon, labeled Boxer, crawling over the wall of the capital city. Ricard, Serge. China peeps over the wall. Moral clarity aside, the parallel between America's pursuit of manifest destiny a century ago and its new global sense of mission has a lot to teach us. 18, No. Expansionism promulgated under the banner of civilization could not escape being carried out in global military campaigns, referred to as the savage wars of peace in the third stanza: Such avowed paternalism towards other cultures recast the invasion of their lands as altruistic service to humankind. [Read Online], Vaughan, Christopher. the supposed duty of the Ellen Sebring is an artist, filmmaker, and for a decade was the Creative director of theVisualizing Culturesproject at M.I.T. The caption again ironically quotes an Official Report to the War Office that praises the British soldiers bravery in the face of a fierce enemy, in this case women and children: The humanity of our soldiers is admirable and does not tire despite the ferocity of Boers., Vers le Camp de Reconcentration (To the Concentration Camp). One cannot imagine a blunter caption than the one that accompanied his 1900 cartoon forJudge: And, after all, the Philippines Are Only the Stepping-Stone to China. In Flohris image, Uncle Samheavily laden with steel, railroads, bridges, farm equipment, and the likegives a cursory nod to the spread of civilization by grasping a book titled Education and Religion. The confident giant is greeted with open arms by a diminutive yellow-clad Chinese mandarin. The famous American writer Mark Twain, for example, wrote a response, "To the Person Sitting in Darkness" that was critical of imperialism and mocked those who thought they were more enlightened than the indigenous people of these areas. Misery Loves Company: Parallel Colonial Wars (1899-1902). Eighteen months before Steinlens disturbing mural, another German artist, Thomas Theodor Heine, published a similarly blood-soaked rendering of the barbarities perpetuated abroad by Western military forces. The humanity of our soldiers is admirable and does not tire despite the ferocity of the Boers (Official Report to the War Office. Asking only the open door for ourselves, we are ready to accord the open door to others. Newly conquered populations, described in the opening stanza as your new-caught, sullen peoples, half-devil and half-child would need sustained commitments to serve your captives needs.. Chinas Worn Out Traditionsrepresented by the queue hairstyle required during the Qing dynastyare about to be cut with the shears of 19th Century Progress., Nearly two years later, in the midst of the Boxer Uprising, Puck was still resorting to the same sort of stereotyped juxtaposition. Civilization and its Discontents: The Boxers and Luddites as Heroes and Villains., The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum, CGACGA, The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum, Theodore Roosevelt Center at Dickinson State University, CGACGA, The Ohio State University, Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum, William H. Walker Cartoon Collection, Princeton University Library, The Ohio State University Cartoon Research Library. Leonhard, Robert R.The China Relief Expedition: Joint Coalition Warfare in China,Summer 1900(Laurel, MD: Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University). Not tire despite the ferocity of the civilizing mission is the subject of,. The U.S. began to revitalize both its commercial and naval fleets to suppress the independent Philippine regime Spanish. We refer to today as clash-of-civilizations thinking did not go unchallenged, however globe is as. 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